Cook County IL Property Appraiser: Assessment Records

Independent guide: OrangeCountyPropertyAppraiser.us is an independent informational resource. This page covers Cook County, Illinois. Illinois does not use the Florida county-office term “Property Appraiser.” In Cook County, assessment records are handled by the Cook County Assessor’s Office. Tax bills are handled by the Cook County Treasurer, assessment appeals can also involve the Cook County Board of Review, and recorded deeds are handled through the Cook County Clerk’s recordings function.
Cook County, Illinois · Assessor · Assessment Records

Search Cook County Assessment Records by PIN or Address — Then Read the Value Correctly

Most people searching for “Cook County IL Property Appraiser” are looking for the Cook County Assessor. Use the Assessor for assessment records, fair market value, assessed value, exemptions and appeal windows. Use the Treasurer for tax bills and payments. Use the Clerk’s recordings system for deeds, mortgages and liens.

This guide gives you a clean workflow: find the 14-digit PIN, open the official property record, read the assessment fields, understand the reassessment cycle, check exemptions, route appeal questions, and avoid treating an assessment record as a title search.

Official office: Cook County Assessor Search by 14-digit PIN or address 2026 reassessment: south & west suburbs Residential assessment level: usually 10% Last reviewed: September 1, 2026
PIN · Address · Map Search Fair market value Assessed value EAV / exemptions Assessor → BOR → Treasurer → Clerk
Correct office Cook County Assessor’s Office
Record key 14-digit Property Index Number (PIN)
Main office 118 N. Clark St., Room 320, Chicago
Assessor phone 312-443-7550

Start here: Cook County has an Assessor, not a Florida-style Property Appraiser

Cook County assessment records are maintained by the Cook County Assessor’s Office. The Assessor estimates property value, applies Cook County assessment levels, processes many exemptions, and opens Assessor-level appeal windows by township. The Assessor is not the tax-payment office and does not replace the Clerk’s recorded land records.

Find a property

Search by PIN or address

Use the official Assessor property search or the Cook County Property Tax Portal. A PIN is the safest identifier once you find the right property.

Open Assessor search
Understand value

Fair market value → assessed value → EAV

Cook County assessment records use fair market value, assessment level, state equalizer, Equalized Assessed Value and exemptions.

Read assessment/tax explanation
Appeal or pay

Use the right office

Assessment appeal questions go to the Assessor or Board of Review. Payment questions go to the Treasurer. Deeds go to the Clerk’s recordings function.

See office router
Illinois terminology warning: do not use Florida terms such as TRIM, Save Our Homes, portability, VAB or millage when explaining Cook County. Use Cook County and Illinois terms: PIN, Assessor, fair market value, assessed value, state equalizer, EAV, exemptions, Board of Review, Treasurer and Clerk recordings.

Which Cook County office handles your property task?

Cook County’s property-tax system uses several offices. The fastest way to avoid a bad filing or wrong payment route is to identify the task first.

I need to… Correct Cook County office or system What to do next
Search an assessment record Cook County Assessor’s Office Search by 14-digit PIN or address and open the property detail record.
Find a PIN Assessor search, Cook County Property Tax Portal or CookViewer Search by property address, then save the 14-digit PIN for later tasks.
Review fair market value, assessed value or property characteristics Cook County Assessor’s Office Check the assessment notice, property details and reassessment/appeal calendar.
Apply for homeowner, senior or disability exemptions Cook County Assessor’s Office Use the official exemptions page and check whether the application window or Certificate of Error process applies.
File an Assessor-level appeal Cook County Assessor’s Office Use the township appeal window on the Assessor’s Assessment & Appeal Calendar.
File a second-level assessment appeal Cook County Board of Review Check township dates, use the BOR online portal or complaint form, and submit evidence on time.
Pay property taxes or download a tax bill Cook County Treasurer Search by PIN or address on the Treasurer/Property Tax Portal, verify year and balance, then pay through the authorized system.
Find deeds, mortgages or liens Cook County Clerk Recordings Use the Clerk’s recordings resources or Property Tax Portal document summary; do not treat the Assessor owner line as title proof.
Check tax rates or tax codes Cook County Clerk / tax-rate information Use the second-installment bill, Clerk rate data or Property Tax Portal tax-rate section.

Cook County PIN guide: why the 14-digit number matters

The PIN, or Property Index Number, identifies a Cook County parcel across assessment, billing, map and appeal systems. The Board of Review explains that a PIN is a 14-digit number that looks like 00-00-000-000-0000 and appears on Assessor or Treasurer correspondence.

AddressGood starting point
PIN14-digit parcel key
Assessment recordValue, class, exemptions
Next officeAssessor, BOR, Treasurer or Clerk
Identifier What it does How to use it safely
14-digit PIN Primary Cook County parcel identifier used in property-tax and assessment systems. Enter it with or without dashes depending on the portal. Keep the full number exactly as shown.
10-digit PIN CookViewer can use a shorter 10-digit PIN search for map location. Helpful for map research, but save the full 14-digit PIN for tax, assessment and appeal tasks.
Property address Finds likely records when the PIN is unknown. Verify city and unit. Do not use mailing city alone as proof of the assessing area.
Township Controls reassessment and appeal schedule timing. Check the Assessor and Board of Review calendars for that township, not just the countywide year.
Tax code / tax rate area Connects the parcel to taxing districts and rate calculations. Use tax-rate details from the Clerk or second-installment bill; do not assume neighboring parcels have the same rate.

Cook County assessment record decoder

Cook County property records can answer several questions, but not all of them. Separate property identity, physical characteristics, assessment value, exemptions, tax history and recorded-document references before deciding what to do next.

Record area What you may find How to use it
Property location Physical address or location information. Confirm you opened the right property. Do not confuse physical location with tax-bill mailing address.
PIN 14-digit Property Index Number. Save it before researching taxes, appeals, maps or recorded documents.
Township, tax rate and tax code Taxing-area and calendar context. Use township for appeal timing and tax code/rate data for billing context.
Property classification Class type that controls assessment level. Residential and commercial properties can be assessed at different percentages of market value.
Estimated property value Assessor’s market-value estimate. Useful for assessment review, but not a guaranteed sale price or private appraisal.
Assessed value / total assessed value Value after applying the Cook County assessment level. Used before the state equalizer and exemptions in the tax-bill formula.
Building and lot size Physical property characteristics where applicable. Check these before filing an appeal; factual errors can affect assessment review.
Exemption history/status A 5-year exemption history may appear through the Property Tax Portal. If a missing exemption affects a prior paid tax bill, the Assessor may use Certificate of Error procedures.
Documents, deeds and liens summary Portal summary of recent recorded documents and links toward Clerk resources. Use the Clerk’s recordings system for the actual recorded document, copy or title-related question.
Assessment record limit: an Assessor record can help you identify a parcel and review assessment data. It is not title insurance, a deed search, a lien search, a survey, a zoning letter or legal advice.

CookViewer maps: useful for parcel research, not legal boundaries

CookViewer is Cook County’s map-based property research tool. It can search by PIN, address or street intersection, zoom to matching properties, display property details and help you locate nearby parcels. Use it for research and orientation; do not use map lines as legal boundary proof.

Use maps for

Practical assessment research

  • Finding a parcel from an address.
  • Confirming general location.
  • Reviewing nearby parcels.
  • Starting comparable-property research.
  • Checking township or geographic context.
Do not use maps as

Legal proof

  • Boundary survey.
  • Title report.
  • Recorded plat substitute.
  • Easement determination.
  • Zoning approval.
Visual workflow

How to use CookViewer without overclaiming

Search PIN Or use address / intersection Open result View parcel Check location and context Research only Need proof? Use survey / title records GIS is useful for orientation. Legal boundaries require recorded documents, survey/title review or professional help.

Cook County values: fair market value, assessed value, EAV and exemptions

Cook County’s assessment formula has several steps. The Assessor estimates fair market value, applies the Cook County assessment level, the state equalizer creates Equalized Assessed Value, exemptions are deducted from EAV, and tax rates are applied to calculate the bill.

Fair market valueAssessor’s market estimate
Assessment levelUsually 10% residential, 25% most commercial
State equalizer → EAVEqualized Assessed Value
Exemptions + tax rateUsed for the bill
Common residential path

Market value to assessed value

For residential property owners, the Assessor explains that assessed value equals 10% of the home’s fair market value. A home with a $400,000 estimated fair market value would have a $40,000 assessed value before the state equalizer and exemptions.

Commercial difference

Most commercial property

For most commercial property owners, the Assessor explains that assessed value is 25% of fair market value. Mixed-use, incentive, nonprofit and special classes can require closer review of the official class code.

Illustrative formula

How an assessment record can become a tax-bill base

Fair Market Value Assessor’s estimate $400,000 example Assessed Value 10% residential example $40,000 example EAV State equalizer applied Example only. Exemptions and the local tax rate affect the final tax bill.
Term Plain-English meaning Common mistake
Fair market value The Assessor’s estimate of what the property is worth in the market. Treating it as a guaranteed sale price or private appraisal.
Assessment level Cook County percentage applied to market value, commonly 10% for residential and 25% for most commercial property. Assuming every property class uses the same percentage.
Assessed value Fair market value multiplied by the assessment level. Confusing it with the final tax bill.
State Equalization Factor / State Equalizer Multiplier applied after assessed value to create Equalized Assessed Value. Leaving it out of tax-bill estimates.
EAV Equalized Assessed Value, the figure from which exemptions are generally deducted. Thinking an exemption amount reduces the tax bill dollar-for-dollar.
Tax rate Rate based on local taxing-body levies and taxable value in the area. Blaming the Assessor for every tax-rate increase.
Why an assessment increase does not equal the same tax increase: the Assessor explains that assessed value is only one factor. Levies, local tax rates, exemptions, equalization and billing rules also affect the amount due.

2026 Cook County assessment cycle and appeal timing

Cook County follows a triennial reassessment cycle. The Assessor’s 2026 calendar says the south and west suburbs are undergoing reassessment in 2026. Properties in the north suburbs and City of Chicago are not scheduled for full reassessment in 2026, but individual properties may still be reassessed because of division work, permit activity or other special circumstances, and owners can still get an annual appeal window when their township opens.

Early yearAssessor reviews data and prepares township reassessments.
Township opensReassessment notice or appeal window starts by township.
About 30 daysAssessor-level appeal window runs by listed township deadline.
Roll certifiedValues move through certification and publication steps.
BOR windowBoard of Review appeal timing varies by township.
Tax billTax impact generally appears on a later bill, not immediately on the notice.
2026 reassessment group

South & west suburbs

Townships such as Berwyn, Bloom, Bremen, Calumet, Cicero, Lemont, Lyons, Oak Park, Orland, Palos, Proviso, Rich, River Forest, Riverside, Stickney, Thornton and Worth are part of the 2026 south/west cycle.

Not fully reassessed in 2026

North suburbs & Chicago

These areas are not in the full 2026 reassessment group, but individual property changes can still trigger reassessment, and appeal windows still appear on the calendar.

As of review date

Check live township dates

The Assessor’s calendar was last reviewed here on September 1, 2026. Do not rely on a countywide deadline; use the live township row for the property.

Deadline rule: each township has its own filing window. The safest action is to open the current Assessor calendar, find the township, and use the last file date listed for that township.

Cook County exemptions and Certificate of Error options

Property-tax exemptions reduce the Equalized Assessed Value used in the tax calculation. They do not reduce a tax bill dollar-for-dollar by the exemption amount. The Cook County Assessor administers homeowner savings programs and explains that missing exemptions for prior years may be pursued through the Certificate of Error process when eligibility is supported.

Homeowner Exemption

Principal residence

Most homeowners are eligible if they own and occupy the property as their principal residence. The Assessor says it auto-renews once applied.

Senior Exemption

Age 65 or older

Most senior homeowners qualify when they are 65 or older and own and occupy the property as their principal residence. The Assessor says this also auto-renews once applied.

Senior Freeze

Annual income-based filing

The Low-Income Senior Assessment Freeze must be filed annually. For the 2025 tax year guidance, the Assessor lists a $65,000 household-income limit using 2024 income.

Exemption or savings topic What it generally does What to check before filing
Homeowner Exemption Reduces EAV for a qualifying principal residence. Ownership/occupancy for the tax year, prior exemption history and whether normal filing or Certificate of Error applies.
Senior Exemption Reduces EAV for eligible homeowners age 65 or older. Birthdate, ownership/occupancy and whether the exemption already appears in the property record.
Senior Freeze Can freeze the equalized assessed value for eligible low-income seniors, subject to annual rules. Annual application, income year, household-income limit and required proof.
Persons with Disabilities Exemption Provides savings for eligible disabled homeowners with required documentation. Current disability proof and Assessor form requirements.
Veterans exemptions Different programs can apply for returning veterans, disabled veterans, surviving spouses and World War II veterans. Do not collapse all veteran benefits into one category; use current Assessor and state requirements.
Home Improvement Exemption Can shelter part of added home-improvement value for a limited period. The Assessor says no application is required for eligible properties, but verify the record if you believe it is missing.
Long-Time Homeowner Exemption Available only to a small group of homeowners meeting residency, income and assessment-increase requirements. The Assessor determines potentially eligible properties and mails applications.

How to check whether an exemption is missing

  1. Open the Cook County Property Tax Portal or Assessor property record.
  2. Search by 14-digit PIN or property address.
  3. Open the tax exemptions or exemption history/status section.
  4. Review the five-year exemption history where shown.
  5. Compare the second-installment tax bill, because exemptions normally show there.
  6. If a prior-year exemption is missing, open the Assessor’s exemption page and Certificate of Error instructions.
  7. Gather proof of ownership, occupancy, age, disability, veteran status or income as required by that exemption.
  8. Save every confirmation or filed copy.
Current billing note: the Assessor’s 2026 exemptions page states that 2025 second-installment bills are being mailed by the Treasurer on September 1, 2026 and are due October 1, 2026. Check the Treasurer for bill/payment status and the Assessor for missing exemption applications.

Assessment appeals: Assessor first, then Board of Review if needed

A Cook County assessment appeal challenges assessment value, classification, exemption treatment or a related assessment issue. It is not simply a complaint that the bill is too high. The Assessor and Board of Review use township-based windows, so the most important step is finding the property’s township and current filing deadline.

Assessor appeal

First review window

Use the Assessor’s appeal calendar. The 2026 Assessor rules say the appeal and all supporting documentation must be filed by the official appeal closing date for the township.

Board of Review

Second county-level review

The Board of Review is independent of the Assessor and gives taxpayers an opportunity to appeal over-valuation after the Assessor’s assessment phase.

Further appeal

PTAB or Circuit Court

The Board of Review FAQ says further appeal may go to the Illinois Property Tax Appeal Board or Cook County Circuit Court after first appealing to the Board of Review.

Assessment appeal workflow

  1. Find the property by PIN or address.
  2. Save the 14-digit PIN and township.
  3. Open the Assessor Assessment & Appeal Calendar and check whether the township is open.
  4. Read the assessment notice or property detail page carefully.
  5. Identify the issue: value, property characteristics, classification, exemption, vacancy/condition or comparable assessment concern.
  6. Gather evidence before filing: photos, appraisals, sales, measurements, permits, income/expense data where relevant, or exemption proof.
  7. File online if possible, or use the official Assessor form/instructions if not filing online.
  8. Keep the confirmation, filing ID, docket number or receipt.
  9. Check Board of Review township dates if you need the second county-level appeal route.
Appeal issue Stronger evidence Weaker argument
Market value too high Comparable sales adjusted for location, size, class, age and condition. One online estimate or a neighbor’s complaint.
Property condition Dated photos, inspection reports, repair estimates or contractor documentation. “The house needs work.”
Incorrect property characteristics Measurements, floor plans, permits, survey, photos or official records. Unsupported square-footage claim.
Exemption missing Application copy, tax bill, proof of residence, proof of age/disability/veteran status or income documentation. Assuming a previous owner’s exemption should automatically apply.
Commercial or income property Income, expense, lease, vacancy and valuation support requested by the Assessor or Board rules. A general statement that the business is struggling.
Do not wait for the bill to appeal the assessment: appeal windows are tied to township and assessment process timing. If the concern is valuation, start with the Assessor/BOR calendar. If the concern is payment balance or receipt, use the Treasurer instead.

Cook County tax bills and payments go to the Treasurer

The Cook County Treasurer prints, mails, collects and distributes property-tax funds. The Assessor produces values and exemptions, but the Treasurer is the correct office for tax bills, payment status, refunds, current and prior payments, and online payment questions.

Current payment office

Cook County Treasurer

  • Search tax statements and receipts.
  • Pay current taxes online through the authorized system.
  • Review billed amounts and payment history.
  • Search refunds and overpayments.
  • Handle tax-sale and delinquency information.
2026 due-date context

Tax Year 2025 bills

The Treasurer lists the Tax Year 2025 First Installment due date as April 1, 2026 and the Tax Year 2025 Second Installment due date as October 1, 2026.

Always verify the live Treasurer page before paying, especially for delinquent, prior-year, open-item or forfeiture-redemption bills.

Payment workflow

  1. Open the Cook County Treasurer or Cook County Property Tax Portal.
  2. Search by PIN or property address.
  3. Verify the property, tax year, installment and billed amount.
  4. Review whether the bill is current, delinquent, prior-year, open-item or forfeiture-related.
  5. Select the official payment route. The Treasurer says ACH bank-account payment is available online without a fee.
  6. Review credit/debit card convenience-fee language before using a card.
  7. Submit only after confirming the right PIN and installment.
  8. Save the receipt or payment confirmation.
First vs second installment: the Assessor explains that the first-installment bill is 55% of the previous year’s total tax amount. The second installment reflects new tax rates, levies, assessment changes and exemption savings for which the owner qualified and applied.

Deeds, mortgages, liens and recorded property documents

Cook County’s former Recorder of Deeds office no longer exists as a separate office. Cook County says the Clerk’s Office assumed recorder operations and duties on December 7, 2020. For recorded deeds, mortgages, liens and related land documents, use the Cook County Clerk’s recordings resources, not the Assessor record alone.

Recorded documents

Cook County Clerk recordings

Use the Clerk’s recordings resources when you need a deed, mortgage, lien, release, certified copy or recorded land document.

Recordings contact shown in CookViewer:
clerk.recordings@cookcountyil.gov
118 North Clark Street, Room #120
Chicago, IL 60602
312-603-5050

Assessment display

Assessor owner line

The owner or mailing display in assessment records can help you identify a parcel, but it is not a title opinion, lien search or proof that no later document exists.

  1. Find the property in the Assessor or Property Tax Portal and save the PIN.
  2. Open the Clerk’s recordings page or the Property Tax Portal’s Documents, Deeds & Liens section.
  3. Search using the available fields, such as name, PIN-related reference, document type, date or recording information when available.
  4. Open the matching deed, mortgage, lien or release.
  5. Compare legal description, recording date and party names.
  6. Use an official or certified copy when the recipient requires certification.
  7. Consult a title professional, attorney or surveyor when the question is legal.
Property record ≠ title: never use the Assessor’s owner display or GIS map as a final title search. Use recorded documents, title insurance, a real-estate attorney or a licensed surveyor when ownership, lien priority or boundary rights matter.

Cook County assessment calculator and task router

This calculator is educational only. It demonstrates the basic residential path from fair market value to assessed value, estimated EAV, exemptions and tax-rate estimate. It does not replace the Assessor, Treasurer, Clerk, Board of Review, current state equalizer, actual tax rate, special charges or property-specific exemptions.

Estimate a simple Cook County residential tax calculation

$400,000 × 10% = $40,000 assessed value. With a 3.0 equalizer and $10,000 exemption, estimated taxable EAV is $110,000. At 7%, illustrative tax is $7,700.

Problem router

Select the issue. This does not file anything; it sends you to the likely starting office.

Choose a task to see the correct Cook County office.

Cook County office information

Assessment office

Cook County Assessor’s Office

Assessor: Fritz Kaegi

Downtown office:
118 N. Clark Street
Room 320
Chicago, IL 60602

Phone: 312-443-7550

Downtown hours: Monday–Friday, 8:30 a.m.–5:00 p.m.

Tax bills/payment

Cook County Treasurer

Treasurer: Maria Pappas

Office:
118 North Clark Street
Room 112
Chicago, IL 60602

Phone: 312-443-5100

Office hours: Monday–Friday, 9:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m.

Assessment appeals

Cook County Board of Review

Office:
118 N. Clark Street
Chicago, IL 60602

Phone: 312-603-5542

Hours: Monday–Friday, 9:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m.

Use township-specific dates before filing.

Assessor branch offices listed by the county

Office Address Posted hours
Downtown Office 118 N. Clark Street, Room 320, Chicago, IL 60602 8:30 a.m.–5:00 p.m.
Markham Branch 16501 S. Kedzie Ave., Room 237, Markham, IL 60426 8:30 a.m.–4:30 p.m.
Skokie Branch 5600 W. Old Orchard Rd., Room 149, Skokie, IL 60077 8:30 a.m.–4:30 p.m.
Bridgeview Branch 10200 South 76th Avenue, Room 237, Bridgeview, IL 60455 8:30 a.m.–4:30 p.m.

Common Cook County assessment record issues

Address search does not find the property

Try the Property Tax Portal address format: house number, street and city. Remove street-direction letters such as N or S and avoid abbreviations such as St. or Ave. Use the PIN if you can find it on a tax bill, notice or deed-related document.

The property value looks too high

Check property characteristics first. Then gather comparable sales, condition evidence, photos, repairs, measurements or other documentation before filing an appeal during the township’s Assessor or Board of Review window.

The tax bill increased more than the assessment

Assessment is only one factor. Levies, local tax rates, the state equalizer, exemptions, refunds, prior-year status and billing timing can all affect the final bill.

The homeowner or senior exemption is missing

Search the property record and exemption history. If the exemption is missing for a prior paid tax bill, review the Assessor’s Certificate of Error instructions and gather the required proof.

The owner name appears outdated

Use the Clerk’s recordings resources to verify the latest recorded deed. The Assessor display is an assessment record and may not be the final proof of legal title.

The map line looks wrong

Use CookViewer for orientation and research, not legal boundary proof. For boundary, easement or encroachment issues, review recorded documents and consult a surveyor, title professional or attorney.

Official resources and verification

Use these official and related resources for live records, tax-bill information, appeals, maps, forms and recorded documents. Recheck deadlines, payment rules, application windows and office hours before a time-sensitive filing or payment.

Last reviewed: September 1, 2026. Office roles are relatively stable, but appeal windows, exemptions, tax-bill due dates, payment rules, tax rates, portal status and office hours can change. Verify the linked official page before filing, paying or making a legal or financial decision.

Cook County IL Property Appraiser FAQs

1. Is there a Cook County IL Property Appraiser?

“Property Appraiser” is a common search phrase, but the official Cook County assessment office is the Cook County Assessor’s Office. The Assessor handles assessment records, estimated fair market value, exemptions and Assessor-level appeals.

2. What is the official Cook County assessment records search?

Use the Cook County Assessor’s official property search or Assessor Property Details system. You can search by Property Index Number, address or map search, depending on the system page you use.

3. What is a Cook County PIN?

A PIN is the Property Index Number used to identify a Cook County parcel. It is a 14-digit number formatted like 00-00-000-000-0000 and appears on Assessor and Treasurer correspondence.

4. Can I search Cook County property records by address?

Yes. The Assessor and Cook County Property Tax Portal support address search. If the Property Tax Portal does not return the right parcel, try removing street directions such as N or S and avoid street abbreviations such as St. or Ave.

5. How is Cook County residential assessed value calculated?

The Cook County Assessor explains that residential assessed value is generally 10% of the property’s estimated fair market value. The state equalizer is then applied to create EAV, and exemptions are deducted before the local tax rate is applied.

6. Are Cook County commercial properties assessed the same way as homes?

No. For most commercial property owners, the Assessor explains that assessed value is 25% of fair market value. Residential property is generally assessed at 10%. Special classes and incentives should be checked against official class-code guidance.

7. What part of Cook County is reassessed in 2026?

The Cook County Assessor’s 2026 calendar says the south and west suburbs are undergoing reassessment in 2026. North suburbs and the City of Chicago are not in the full 2026 reassessment group, although individual properties may still be reassessed for special changes.

8. Where do I appeal a Cook County assessment?

Start with the Cook County Assessor’s township appeal window when it is open. A second county-level appeal can be filed with the Cook County Board of Review during that office’s township filing period. Use the live calendars before filing.

9. Where do I pay Cook County property taxes?

Pay Cook County property taxes through the Cook County Treasurer or the Cook County Property Tax Portal, not through the Assessor. Search by PIN or address, verify the tax year and installment, review payment method rules, and save your receipt.

10. Where do I find Cook County deeds, mortgages or liens?

Use the Cook County Clerk’s recordings resources for deeds, mortgages, liens and recorded land documents. An Assessor record or CookViewer map is not a title search, lien search, legal boundary survey or ownership guarantee.

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